Krajowe

RP ITERNa południu Francji zbudowano najważniejszy element reaktora, w którym naukowcy odtworzą proces zachodzący we wnętrzu gwiazd.

Pierwsza część reaktora termojądrowego ITER w Cadarache niedaleko Marsylii została już zmontowana. Do końca roku ma być gotowy fundament pod kompleks reaktora. Cała budowa ma się zakończyć w 2019 roku.

Uruchomienie głównej części gigantycznego urządzenia – tokamaka – nastąpi rok później. Ta dziwna nazwa określająca reaktory termojądrowe pochodzi z języka rosyjskiego. To skrótowiec od słów „Toroidalnaja Kamiera s Magnitnymi Katuszkami”, czyli toroidalna komora z cewką magnetyczną. Fizycy z dawnego ZSRR w 1950 roku wyprzedzili wszystkich w konstruowaniu urządzenia do przeprowadzenia kontrolowanej reakcji termojądrowej. Stąd rosyjska nazwa urządzenia trafiła do powszechnego użytku na całym świecie.

Po początkowych problemach z projektem Międzynarodowego Eksperymentalnego Reaktora Termonuklearnego ITER (ang. skrót International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) i trudnościach z koordynacją wyjątkowy projekt naukowy ma wszelkie szanse, aby udało się doprowadzć go do szczęśliwego finału. Borykający się z wieloma opóźnieniami i kłopotami natury finansowej projekt budowy ruszył pełną parą. Opóźnienia w stosunku do pierwotnego planu wynoszą ok. dwóch lat. Mimo tego szefowie projektu deklarują, że urządzenie będzie uruchomione zaledwie rok później, niż zakładał pierwotny plan z 2008 roku, kiedy zostało wydane pozwolenie na budowę w Cadarache. Jednym ze sposobów nadrobienia zaległości, na jaki zdecydowało się konsorcjum zarządzające projektem, jest modyfikacja kluczowych budynków.

Spełnione marzenia

– Ta sytuacja jest bardzo frustrująca, jednak nie ukrywamy niczego – powiedział BBC News David Campbell, zastępca dyrektora projektu ITER. –Teraz robimy wszystko, co możemy, aby odzyskać jak najwięcej straconego czasu. Projekt jest niezwykle ekscytujący. To dodaje nam sił. Każdy z nas chciałby zobaczyć energię pochodzącą z reakcji termojądrowej najszybciej, jak to możliwe.

– Reaktor jest niezwykle skomplikowanym urządzeniem, jego elementy wykonywane są na całym świecie – powiedział Ken Blackler, odpowiedzialny za budowę tokamaka. – Musimy się zgrać i budować krok po kroku, więc wszystkie transporty będą musiały przybyć w odpowiedniej kolejności – to jest naprawdę trudne przedsięwzięcie logistyczne.

Pomysł na eksperymentalny reaktor termojądrowy, który byłby w stanie tanim kosztem wytwarzać olbrzymie ilości energii, sięga wczesnych lat 50. ubiegłego wieku. Fuzja jądrowa spełnia marzenie o prawie nieograniczonym źródle energii zasilanym przez dwa łatwo dostępne izotopy wodoru. Zaletą takiego rozwiązania jest połączenie taniego paliwa, niewielu odpadów promieniotwórczych oraz braku emisji gazów cieplarnianych.

Ale wyzwania techniczne: kontrolowanie procesu fuzji i sposób odzyskiwania energii są ogromne. Przez kilka dekad fizycy przekonywali, że wykorzystanie kontrolowanej reakcji termonuklearnej będzie możliwe w perspektywie przynajmniej 30–40 lat.

Drogi eksperyment

Bezpośrednim prekursorem reaktora ITER jest eksperymentalny JET (Joint European Torus), europejski projekt pilotażowy reaktora działającego od 20 lat w Culham w Wielkiej Brytanii. JET z komorą próżniową o średnicy ok. 3 metrów pozwala uzyskać 16 MW energii – ok. 30 razy mniej niż planowana wydajność ITER, który na każde 50 MW dostarczonej energii ma wyprodukować 500 MW w postaci ciepła dostarczanego do generatora elektrowni. Komora próżniowa, w której znajdzie się plazma w ITER, ma 16 metrów średnicy i 11 metrów wysokości.

W ramach eksperymentu ITER początkowo współpracowało kilka krajów europejskich, USA i Japonia. Nie mogły jednak dojść do porozumienia, gdzie ów reaktor mógłby stanąć. O jego lokalizację walczyły Niemcy, Japonia i Francja. Ostatecznie zapadła decyzja, że ITER powstanie niedaleko Marsylii. Zezwolenie na budowę reaktora formalnie zostało wydane w 2008 roku. Przesądziła bliskość dużego portu morskiego. A i tak do skompletowania całego urządzenia lokalne władze będą musiały przebudować drogi. Niektóre elementy do budowy skomplikowanego urządzenia będą małe i delikatne. Inne tak duże, że nie zmieszczą się na normalnych drogach.

Przez kolejne dziesięciolecia naukowcy będą sprawdzali różne rozwiązania techniczne, które pozwoliłyby w przyszłości wykorzystywać fuzję nuklearną do produkcji taniej i czystej energii elektrycznej.

ITER to jeden z najdroższych eksperymentów naukowych w historii ludzkości. Jego koszty wyniosą ok. 15 mld euro. Przewyższy je jedynie budowa Międzynarodowej Stacji Kosmicznej, która pochłonęła 100 mld dolarów. Nawet największy na świecie akcelerator cząstek Wielki Zderzacz Hadronów (LHC) pod Genewą kosztował znacznie mniej, ok. 7,5 mld euro.

Dokładne sumy przeznaczone na budowę ITER są trudne do oszacowania, ponieważ poszczególne kraje wnoszą je w „naturze”, a nie w gotówce. Unia Europejska na przykład wybuduje wszystkie budynki i całą infrastrukturę.

Podobnie jak stacja orbitalna i LHC ITER wymagał połączenia wysiłków wielu krajów. Dlatego w projekcie biorą udział naukowcy z krajów reprezentujących połowę ludzkości: USA, Unii Europejskiej, Chin, Indii, Japonii i Rosji, a także z Polski (m.in. z Instytutu Fizyki Plazmy i Laserowej Mikrosyntezy z Warszawy).

Jak to działa

W procesie syntezy termojądrowej lekkie jądra atomowe izotopów wodoru: deuteru i trytu łączą się i powstają cięższe jądra helu oraz energia. Ze względu na siły odpychania elektrostatycznego synteza jąder jest możliwa w bardzo wysokiej temperaturze. We wnętrzu reaktora panować będzie temperatura rzędu 100–200 mln stopni Celsjusza. Najtrudniejsze będzie uzyskanie plazmy o tej temperaturze. Potrzebne do tego jest olbrzymie pole magnetyczne. Będą je wytwarzać elektromagnesy wokół komory tokamaka. Ale elektromagnesy muszą pracować w temperaturze -269 st. C.

Pod wpływem olbrzymiej temperatury wewnątrz komory atomy stracą powłoki elektronowe i utworzą plazmę. Jądra atomowe, z których składa się plazma, będą się zderzały, w wyniku czego wytworzy się energia zamieniana następnie na energię elektryczną. W przeciwieństwie do tradycyjnych elektrowni atomowych reaktory syntezy termojądrowej nie będą produkowały radioaktywnych śmieci.

Cały projekt przewidziany jest na 30 lat: po 10 latach budowy zaplanowano 20 lat eksperymentalnej pracy reaktora. Na bazie ITER ma powstać nowa generacja reaktorów. Sam ITER będzie miał moc niewiele większą niż najsłabszy blok japońskiej elektrowni jądrowej Fukushima. Ale na podstawie doświadczeń uzyskanych podczas pracy eksperymentalnego tokamaka będą mogły powstać reaktory, które wyprodukują wielokrotnie większe ilości energii.

Wtedy ludzkość będzie miała szansę zapewnić sobie źródła energii bez konieczności spalania paliw kopalnych i uwalniania milionów ton gazów cieplarnianych, które przyczyniają się do globalnego ocieplenia, jakie prognozowane jest na wiek XXI.

Source: RZECZPOSPOLITA

ifpilm cea 170713On the 17th of July 2013, the management of IPPLM had an honour to welcome the representatives of Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), namely Mr. Gabriele Fioni, Directeur des sciences de la matière du Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Dr. Alain Becoulet, Chef de l’IRFM / Head of IRFM; CEA/DSM/Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique and Dr. Tuong Hoang, Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique, CEA Cadarache. The aim of the visit was to sign the Cooperation Agreement in the field of plasma physics and controlled fusion between CEA and IPPLM. The French delegation was accompanied by Ms Camille Baudoin (Adjointe du Conseiller Nucleaire, Ambassade de France en Pologne). 

After welcome, the representatives of both parties underlined the significance of the international cooperation. Director M. Fioni described the CEA organizational structure as well as the personnel dedicated to this entity. He also underlined that Poland is the first European partner to sign the Cooperation Agreement. Dr T. Hoang mentioned the extensive experience of the French partner in the field of fast particle diagnostics. Mr Roman Zagórski, the Coordinator of Euratom-IPPLM Association, stated that the cooperation with CEA is a very important step for the Institute and a summary of our experience in the framework of the European fusion programme. IPPLM director, Mr Andrzej Gałkowski, expressed his hope to witness the constructive changes in the structure of Euratom Association and pointed out the necessity to align the Polish programme to the European guidelines.

Having exchanged the ideas, the participants had a chance to see the presentation of dr. A. Becoulet regarding the WEST project and main technologies prepared for Tore Supra. Mr R. Zagórski, in his turn, summarized the Polish experience of the international cooperation, involvement in JET activities (participation in the experimental campaigns) and Wendelstein 7-X project. He also mentioned the latest achievement of IPPLM, namely the start of the Hall thruster laboratory.

When the presentations finished, IPPLM and CEA directors signed the Cooperation Agreement and underlined the importance of this step, referred to the historical experience of Maria Skłodowska and Pierre Curie and expressed their hope to perform jointly many scientific projects, exchange mutual experience and take advantage of the potential of the scientific staff of both institutions. The official part of the meeting was followed by the tour around IPPLM’s premises where the guests had a chance to get acquainted with the operation of Plasma Focus generator, PlanS laboratory and the laser equipment stored in the „L” building.

 

{phocagallery view=category|categoryid=17|limitstart=0|limitcount=0}

Logo Kudowy finalThe Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion (IPPLM, Warsaw, Poland) and the International Centre for Dense Magnetised Plasmas (ICDMP) are organizing the 12th Kudowa Summer School "Towards Fusion Energy", which will be held in Kudowa Zdrój, Poland, in June 9-13, 2014.

The Kudowa Summer School "Towards Fusion Energy" takes place annually in Kudowa Zdrój, Poland. The school aims at young scientists (PhD and Master students) from different countries, and provides courses on various aspects of fusion energy, plasma experiments and technology. 

The topics of the lectures are as follows:

  • Magnetic Confinement Fusion (MCF),
  • Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF),
  • Fusion Technology,
  • Plasma Diagnostic Techniques.

Urszula Woźnicka1, Łukasz Ciupiński2, Jacek Jagielski3, Monika Kubkowska4, Marek Stodulski1, Roman Zagórski4

1 The Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland, (IFJ PAN)

2 Warsaw University of Technology (WUT)

3 National Center for Nuclear Research, Otwock/Swierk, Poland (NCBJ)

4 The Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Warsaw, Poland, (IPPLM)

 

   The Wendelstein 7-X stellarator is now being assembled at the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (IPP), Greifswald, Germany. Polish involvement in the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator programme is quite large and covers many areas, started from cooperation on device assembly and development of the NBI system, structural and mechanical calculations through development of several diagnostics, like X-ray pulse height analysis PHA, C/O monitor system, neutron and microwave diagnostics, and modeling studies related to neutron MCNP calculations and 3D edge plasma simulations.

   The magnetic system of the Wendelstein 7-X consists of 20 planar and 50 non-planar superconducting coils toroidally arranged in five identical modules made of half-modules set with 2-fold rotational symmetry. Due to the complex geometry, the complex load pattern, and the nonlinear interaction between the components, the accurate analysis of the magnetic system of W7-X is only possible by numerical means.

   IPPLM Association has carried out the structural – mechanical analyses of this system since 2004. Among others, finite element parametric models of critical system elements have been developed at Warsaw University of Technology (WUT) in cooperation with the team of Structural Integrity at Max-Plank-Institute für Plasmaphysik (IPP) in Greifswald. Those models, built using ANSYS code, enabled semi-automatic numerical analyses of the connections and provided a better understanding of the structural behaviour of the joints, as well as enabled to study influences of tolerances, and to follow complex manufacture and assembly processes subjected to non-conformities after some manual modifications. Further details on these activities can be found in [1 - 3].

w7x halfmodule

A general view of the W7-X half-module FEM model.

Logo ifpilm 150dpiDnia 15 mara 2013 roku  w siedzibie Instytutu Fizyki Jądrowej Polskiej Akademii  Nauk w Krakowie odbyło się posiedzenie Rady Asocjacji EURATOM-IFPiLM.

Obradom przewodniczył Prof. Marek Rubel. W spotkaniu uczestniczyli przedstawiciele EFDA i europejskich ośrodków badań fuzji jądrowej oraz przedstawiciele Polskich ośrodków naukowo-badawczych należących do Asocjacji EURATOM-IFPiLM.

 

 

 

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24-02-2023

EUROfusion stands in solidarity with research in Ukraine

Today, as we commemorate the anniversary of the invasion of Ukraine by Russia, the EUROfusion consortium stands in solidarity with our Ukrainian member and research colleagues. EUROfusion remains committed to supporting...

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Eight-minute production of plasma with gigajoule energy turnover at Wendelstein 7-X

23-02-2023

Eight-minute production of plasma with gigajoule energy turnover at Wendelstein 7-X

Another target has been achieved only recently by the W7-X researchers, namely they managed to acquire an energy turnover of 1.3 gigajoules in the device, which is 17 times higher...

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The Nobel Prize in Physics 2022

04-10-2022

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2022

Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser and Anton Zeilinger are the winners of this year's Nobel Prize in Physics. It was awarded “for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of...

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New experiments for fusion energy record breaker JET

27-09-2022

New experiments for fusion energy record breaker JET

A new wave of fusion energy experiments on UK Atomic Energy Authority’s record-breaking Joint European Torus (JET) started this month. EUROfusion researchers are using the famous JET machine to conduct a...

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ITER appoints new Director-General

21-09-2022

Pietro Barabaschi has become the next Director-General of the ITER Organization as a result of the unanimous choice of the Council from among finalist candidates. In the transition period Dr....

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Starting power plant design

07-07-2022

Starting power plant design

At a livestreamed Horizon EUROfusion event in Brussels on 5 July 2022, EUROfusion celebrated the start of conceptual design activities for Europe's first demonstration fusion power plant DEMO. This first-of-a-kind...

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Celebration of achieving a crucial assembly milestone in the ITER Project

17-05-2022

Celebration of achieving a crucial assembly milestone in the ITER Project

This month, we have witnessed the successful lifting and lowering into the machine well of the first sub-section of the ITER plasma chamber. The weight of the component is the...

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Burning plasma achieved in inertial fusion at the National Ignition Facility

15-02-2022

Obtaining a burning plasma is a critical step towards self-sustaining fusion energy. A burning plasma is one in which the fusion reactions themselves are the primary source of heating in...

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Historic milestone reached by JET scientists

20-01-2022

Historic milestone reached by JET scientists

Iconic fusion energy machine JET – which reaches controlled temperatures 10 times hotter than the core of the sun – completed its 100,000th live pulse last night. Weighing 2,800 tonnes, the...

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Horizon Europe Grant Agreement signed

20-12-2021

Horizon Europe Grant Agreement signed

15 December 2021 saw the EUROfusion consortium signing the Grant Agreement under Horizon Europe, the European Framework Programme from 2021 – 2027, in an aim to launch comprehensive R&D approach...

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What we do

Our laboratories

Research projects carried out at the IPPLM are funded by the Polish Ministry of Education and Science, the National Science Centre and by the European Commission within the framework of EUROfusion Consortium under grant agreement No 101052200. Financial support comes also from the International Atomic Energy Agency, European Space Agency and LaserLab Consortium as well as from the Fusion for Energy Agency.

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