HET COLORPrototyp pierwszego polskiego silnika plazmowego do sond kosmicznych został z sukcesem przetestowany w warunkach zbliżonych do tych panujących w przestrzeni kosmicznej w laboratorium Europejskiej Agencji Kosmicznej (ESA - ESTEC) w Nordwijk (Holandia).

Grupa polskich naukowców z Instytutu Fizyki Plazmy i Laserowej Mikrosyntezy (IFPiLM) w Warszawie opracowuje specjalny silnik do napędu sond kosmicznych i satelitów, który będzie tańszy w eksploatacji od obecnie istniejących rozwiązań. - Podczas sesji eksperymentalnej silnik pracował wystarczająco długo, by zmierzyć ważne parametry (np. siłę ciągu). Można mówić o pierwszym kroku do sukcesu. Bezproblemowe uruchomienie silnika wprawiło w zaskoczenie nawet doświadczonych pracowników ESA. Z reguły pierwsze uruchomienia wymagają odpowiedniego doboru parametrów pracy układu, których ustalenie a priori jest skomplikowane - mówi dr Jacek Kurzyna z IFPiLM, kierownik zespołu.

Testowany silnik to elektryczny napęd plazmowy typu Halla. Takie silniki są już z powodzeniem użytkowane w przestrzeni kosmicznej i wykorzystywane do utrzymywania satelitów na pożądanej orbicie oraz do zmiany ich orientacji. Znalazły one zastosowanie również jako silniki napędowe w sondach dalekiego zasięgu. Ze względu na relatywnie niskie zużycie "paliwa" są poważną konkurencją dla tradycyjnych silników rakietowych. Dla takiej samej misji kosmicznej silnik rakietowy potrzebuje około dziesięć razy więcej paliwa od silników plazmowych.

Ważący 4 kg silnik ma kształt cylindra o średnicy 10 cm i długości 12 cm, a maksymalna moc z jaką może pracować wynosi około pół kilowata. Urządzenie polskich naukowców wytwarza siłę ciągu wystarczającą do pracy na satelitach o masie do około 100 kg. - Sonda SMART-1, którą ESA wysłała na orbitę Księżyca, dysponowała silnikiem ksenonowym o mocy poniżej 2 kW. Był on w stanie zwiększyć prędkość sondy o 3,6 km/s. Zatem w małych próbnikach kosmicznych również nasz napęd mógłby pełnić rolę silnika napędowego - mówi dr Serge Barral z IFPiLM.

Celem naukowców z IFPiLM jest budowa silnika typu Halla tańszego w eksploatacji od dotychczas używanych poprzez zastosowanie kryptonu jako gazu roboczego. Ten gaz szlachetny jest nawet 10-krotnie tańszy od najczęściej stosowanego ksenonu.

Podczas projektowania silnika, w celu obniżenia kosztów i zmniejszenia liczby kolejnych prototypów naukowcy z IFPiLM przeprowadzili szereg symulacji komputerowych, by ocenić jaka konfiguracja elementów silnika umożliwi uzyskanie najwyższej sprawności. Do symulacji wykorzystano program napisany przez dr Serge'a Barrala, jednego z konstruktorów silnika. Obliczona sprawność prototypowego silnika dosyć dobrze zgadza się ze wstępnymi wynikami testów wykonanych w laboratorium ESA i w optymalnych warunkach dochodzi do 50%.

Pierwszy krok - budowa prototypu silnika i jego uruchomienie - został wykonany. Po pierwszych badaniach naukowcy czekają na pełne wyniki testów opracowane przez specjalistów z ESA i jednocześnie pracują nad kolejnym prototypem. - Przez dwa tygodnie sesji eksperymentalnej dokonaliśmy wielu pomiarów. Danych zebranych w eksperymencie jest dużo, a ich rzetelna obróbka wymaga czasu. Pracownicy ESA obiecali przysłać opracowane dane już w styczniu - mówi Jan Miedzik, uczestnik projektu.

- Pierwsze testy prototypowego układu pokazały gdzie wskazane są modyfikacje. Najważniejszy i najtrudniejszy do zaprojektowania element układu - obwód magnetyczny - pracował bez zastrzeżeń, więc będziemy dążyć do uzyskania tej samej konfiguracji w kolejnym prototypie - wyjaśnia Dariusz Daniłko, członek zespołu odpowiedzialny za numeryczne modelowanie pola magnetycznego w silniku Halla. W przyszłym roku kolejny prototyp będzie przechodził testy, także w laboratorium ESA.

Najnowsze badania eksperymentalne polskich naukowców mogą przyczynić się do redukcji kosztów eksploatacji satelitów oraz sond kosmicznych, z których wszyscy korzystamy codziennie, często nieświadomie. Urządzenia montowane na satelitach służą do dokładniejszego prognozowania pogody, przesyłania sygnału telewizyjnego i do transmisji rozmów telefonicznych. Dzięki satelitom możliwe było stworzenie systemu GPS. Co ważne, przesyłanie danych, czy transmisja rozmów na duże odległości jest tańsza przy użyciu satelitów niż łącz naziemnych.

Projekt i budowa pierwszej wersji elektrycznego silnika plazmowego typu Halla zostały sfinansowane przez Instytut Fizyki Plazmy i Laserowej Mikrosyntezy. Badania w laboratorium ESA oraz budowa kolejnego prototypu są finansowane z budżetu projektu KLIMT (Krypton Large Impulse Thruster) realizowanego w ramach Porozumienia o Europejskim Państwie Współpracującym zawartego między Polską a ESA.

Prototyp pierwszego polskiego silnika plazmowego już działa – polscy naukowcy nie mieli jak dotąd własnego silnika plazmowego. Na razie służy do badań naukowych, ale w przyszłości przewidziana jest jego produkcja z udziałem partnerów przemysłowych celem wykorzystania go do zadań w przestrzeni kosmicznej. Warto wspomnieć, że w IFPiLM ten sam zespół pracuje nad drugim, dużo mniejszym silnikiem, który w przyszłości znajdzie zastosowanie na małych sondach lub satelitach takich jak polski satelita LEM.

 

Zapraszamy na:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RP48Eb4lr54 - pierwsze uruchomienie

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YSD_bo65RnA - uruchomienie poprzez wyładowanie jarzeniowe

 

Osoba kontaktowa:

Jan Miedzik

Tel: +48 22 6381005 wew. 40; Fax: +48 22 6668372

E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Instytut Fizyki Plazmy i laserowej Mikrosyntezy (IFPiLM)

Oddział Plazmy w Polu Magnetycznym

Zespół Akceleratorów Plazmowych

Ul. Hery 23, 01-497 Warszawa

Źródło zdjęcia - dr Jacek Kurzyna

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What we do

Our laboratories

Research projects carried out at the IPPLM are funded by the Polish Ministry of Education and Science, the National Science Centre and by the European Commission within the framework of EUROfusion Consortium under grant agreement No 101052200. Financial support comes also from the International Atomic Energy Agency, European Space Agency and LaserLab Consortium as well as from the Fusion for Energy Agency.

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